Q 1.

In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make an arithmetic progression, and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is ₹ 15 for the first km and ₹ 8 for each additional km.
(ii) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes 1/4 of the air remaining in the cylinder at a time.
(iii) The cost of digging a well after every metre of digging, when it costs ₹ 150 for the first metre and rises by ₹ 50 for each subsequent metre.
(iv) The amount of money in the account every year, when ₹ 10,000 is deposited at compound interest at 8% per annum.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Let us consider, The first term (T₁) = Fare for the first 1 km = ₹ 15 since, the taxi fare beyond the first 1 km is ₹ 8 for each additional km.
∴ Fare for 2 km = ₹ 15 + 1 × ₹ 8
⇒ T₂ = a + 8 [where a = 15]
Fare for 3 km = ₹ 15 + 2 × ₹ 8
⇒ T₃ = a + 16
Fare for 4 km = ₹ 15 + 3 × ₹ 8
⇒ T₄ = a + 24
Fare for 5 km = ₹ 15 + 4 × ₹ 8
⇒ T₅ = a + 32
Fare for n km = ₹ 15 + (n - 1) 8
⇒ T_n = a + (n - 1)8
We see that above terms forms an A.P., with common difference 8.
(ii) Let the amount of air in the cylinder = x
∴ Air removed in 1^st stroke
⇒ Air left after 1^st stroke
Air left after 2^nd stroke

Air left after 3^rd stroke

Air left after 4^th stroke

Thus, the terms are
Here,
Since,
The above terms are not in A.P.
(iii) Here, The cost of digging for first 1 metre = ₹ 150
The cost of digging for first 2 metres
= ₹ 150 + ₹ 50 = ₹ 200
The cost of digging for first 3 metres
= ₹ 150 + (₹ 50) × 2 = ₹ 250
The cost of digging for first 4 metres
= ₹ 150 + (₹ 50) × 3 = ₹ 300
∴ The terms are : 150, 200, 250, 300, .....
Since, 200 - 150 = 50 and 250 - 200 = 50
⇒ (200 - 150) = (250 - 200)
∴ The above terms form an A.P., with common difference = 50.
(iv) ∵ The amount at the end of 1^st year

The amount at the end of 2^nd year

The amount at the end of 3^rd year

The amount at the end of 4^th year

∴ The terms are

Obviously,

∴ The above terms are not in A.P.

Q 2.

Write first four terms of the A.P., when the first term aand the common difference d are given as follows:
(i) a = 10, d = 10
(ii) a = -2, d = 0
(iii) a = 4, d = -3
(iv) a = -1, d = 1/2
(v) a = -1.25, d = -0.25

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) ∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ For a = 10 and d = 10, we have :
T₁ = 10 + (1 - 1) × 10 = 10 + 0 = 10
T₂ = 10 + (2 - 1) × 10 = 10 + 10 = 20
T₃ = 10 + (3 - 1) × 10 = 10 + 20 = 30
T₄ = 10 + (4 - 1) × 10 = 10 + 30 = 40
Thus, the first four terms are : 10, 20, 30, 40.
(ii) ∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ For a = -2 and d = 0, we have :
T₁ = -2 + (1 - 1) × 0 = -2 + 0 = -2
T₂ = -2 + (2 - 1) × 0 = -2 + 0 = -2
T₃ = -2 + (3 - 1) × 0 = -2 + 0 = -2
T₄ = -2 + (4 - 1) × 0 = -2 + 0 = -2
∴ The first four terms are : -2, -2, -2, -2.
(iii) ∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ For a = 4 and d = -3, we have :
T₁ = 4 + (1 - 1) × (-3) = 4 + 0 = 4
T₂ = 4 + (2 - 1) × (-3) = 4 + (-3) = 1
T₃ = 4 + (3 - 1) × (-3) = 4 + (-6) = -2
T₄ = 4 + (4 - 1) × (-3) = 4 + (-9) = -5
Thus, the first four terms are : 4, 1, -2, -5.
(iv) ∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
For a = -1 and d = , we get




∴ The first four terms are :
(v) ∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ For a = -1.25 and d = -0.25, we get
T₁ = -1.25 + (1 - 1) × (-0.25) = -1.25 + 0 = -1.25
T₂ = -1.25 + (2 - 1) × (-0.25)
= -1.25 + (-0.25) = -1.50
T₃ = -1.25 + (3 - 1) × (-0.25)
= -1.25 + (-0.50) = -1.75
T₄ = -1.25 + (4 - 1) × (-0.25)
= -1.25 + (-0.75) = -2.0
Thus, the four terms are : -1.25, -1.50, -1.75, -2.0.

Q 3.

For the following A.P.'s, write the first term and the common difference :
(i) 3, 1, -1, -3, .....
(ii) -5, -1, 3, 7, .....
(iii)
(iv) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, .....

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) We have : 3, 1, -1, -3, ...
⇒ T₁ = 3 ⇒ a = 3
T₂ = 1, T₃ = -1, T₄ = -3
∴ T₂ - T₁ = 1 - 3 = -2
T₄ - T₃ = -3 - (-1) = -3 + 1 = -2 ⇒ d = -2
(ii) We have : -5, -1, 3, 7, ...
⇒ T₁ = -5 ⇒ a = -5, T₂ = -1, T₃ = 3, T₄ = 7
∴ T₂ - T₁ = -1 - (-5) = -1 + 5 = 4
and T₄ - T₃ = 7 - 3 = 4 ⇒ d = 4
Thus, a = -5 and d = 4
(iii) We have :
⇒
∴
and
Thus,
(iv) We have : 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, .....
⇒ T₁ = 0.6 ⇒ a = 0.6, T₂ = 1.7, T₃ = 2.8, T₄ = 3.9
∴ d = T₂ - T₁ = 1.7 - 0.6 = 1.1
and T₄ - T₃ = 3.9 - 2.8 = 1.1 ⇒ d = 1.1
Thus, a = 0.6 and d = 1.1.

Q 4.

Which of the following are A.P.s? If they form an A.P., find the common difference d and write three more terms.
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16, .....
(ii)
(iii) -1.2, -3.2, -5.2, -7.2, .....
(iv) -10, -6, -2, 2, .....
(v)
(vi) 0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222, ....
(vii) 0, -4, -8, -12, .....
(viii)
(ix) 1, 3, 9, 27, ...
(x) a, 2a, 3a, 4a
(xi) a, a², a³, a⁴, ....
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv) 1², 3², 5², 7², ....
(xv) 1², 5², 7², 73, ....

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) We have : 2, 4, 8, 16, .....

T₃ = 8,. T₄ = 16 ⇒ T₄ - T₃ = 16 - 8 = 8.
Since 2 ≠ 8
∴ T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
∴ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(ii) We have :
∴
and
∵
∵
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
∴

Thus,
(iii) We have : -1.2, -3.2, -5.2, -7.2, .....
∴ T₁ = -1.2, T₂ = -3.2, T₃ = -5.2, T₄ = -7.2
T₂ - T₁ = -3.2 + 1.2 = -2
T₃ - T₂ = -5.2 + 3.2 = -2
T₄ - T₃ = -7.2 + 5.2 = -2
∵ T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = T₄ - T₃ = -2 ⇒ d = -2
∴ The given numbers form an A.P. such that d = -2.
Now, T₅ = T₄ + (-2) = -7.2 + (-2) = -9.2, T₆ = T₅ + (-2) = -9.2 + (-2) = -11.2 and T₇ = T₆ + (-2)
= -11.2 + (-2) = -13.2
Thus, d = -2 and T₅ = -9.2, T₆ = -11.2 and T₇ = -13.2
(iv) We have : -10, -6, -2, 2, .....
T₁ = -10, T₂ = -6, T₃ = -2, T₄ = 2
T₂ - T₁ = -6 + 10 = 4
T₃ - T₂ = -2 + 6 = 4
T₄ - T₃ = 2 + 2 = 4
∵ T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = T₄ - T₃ = 4 ⇒ d = 4
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now, T₅ = T₄ + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6,
T₆ = T₅ + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10,
T₇ = T₆ + 4 = 10 + 4 = 14
Thus, d = 4 and T₅ = 6, T₆ = 10, T₇ = 14
(v) We have :
∴



∵
⇒ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now,


Thus,

(vi) We have : 0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222, ....
∴

Since T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
∴ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(vii) We have : 0, - 4, - 8, - 12, .....
∴ T₁ = 0, T₂ = - 4, T₃ = - 8, T₄ = - 12
T₂ - T₁ = - 4 - 0 = - 4
T₃ - T₂ = - 8 + 4 = - 4
T₄ - T₃ = - 12 + 8 = - 4
∵ T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = T₄ - T₃ = - 4 ⇒ d = - 4
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now, T₅ = T₄ + (- 4) = -12 + (- 4) = -16
T₆ = T₅ + (- 4) = -16 + (- 4) = -20
T₇ = T₆ + (-4) = -20 + (- 4) = -24
Thus, d = -4 and T₅ = -16, T₆ = -20, T₇ = -24.
(viii) We have :
∴
T₂ - T₁ = 0, T₃ - T₂ = 0, T₄ - T₃ = 0 ⇒ d = 0
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now,

Thus, d = 0 and
(ix) We have : 1, 3, 9, 27, ...
Here,

∴ T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
∴ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(x) We have : a, 2a, 3a, 4a, ......
∴ T₁ = a, T₂ = 2a, T₃ = 3a, T₄ = 4a
T₂ - T₁ = 2a - a = a, T₃ - T₂ = 3a - 2a = a and T₄ - T₃ = 4a - 3a = a
∵ T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = T₄ - T₃ = a ⇒ d = a
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now, T₅ = T₄ + a = 4a + a = 5a, T₆ = T₅ + a = 5a + a = 6a and T₇ = T₆ + a = 6a + a = 7a
Thus, d = a and T₅ = 5a, T₆ = 6a, T₇ = 7a
(xi) We have : a, a², a³, a⁴, ....
∴

Since, T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
∴ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(xii) We have :
∴



∵
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now, ,
and

Thus,
(xiii) We have :
∴

∴ T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
⇒ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(xiv) We have : 1², 3², 5², 7², ....
∴

∵ T₂ - T₁ ≠ T₄ - T₃
∴ The given numbers do not form an A.P.
(xv) We have : 1², 5², 7², 7³, ....
∴ T₁ = 1², T₂ = 5², T₃ = 7², T₄ = 73
T₂ - T₁ = 25 - 1 = 24, T₃ - T₂ = 49 - 25 = 24 and T₄ - T₃ = 73 - 49 = 24
∵ T₂ - T₁ = T₃ - T₂ = T₄ - T₃ = 24 ⇒ d = 24
∴ The given numbers form an A.P.
Now, T₅ = T₄ + 24 = 73 + 24 = 97
T₆ = T₅ + 24 = 97 + 24 = 121
T₇ = T₆ + 24 = 121 + 24 = 145
Thus, d = 24 and T₅ = 97, T₆ = 121, T₇ = 145.

Q 5.

Fill in the blanks in the following table, given that a is the first term, d the common difference and a_n the n^th term of the A.P.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) a_n = a + (n - 1)d
a₈ = 7 + (8 - 1)3 = 7 + 7 × 3 = 7 + 21
⇒ a₈ = 28
(ii) a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ a₁₀ = -18 + (10 - 1)d ⇒ 0 = -18 + 9d
⇒ 9d = 18 ⇒ d = = 2
∴ d = 2
(iii) a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ -5 = a + (18 - 1) × (-3) ⇒ -5 = a + 17 × (-3) ⇒ -5 = a - 51
⇒ a = -5 + 51 = 46
Thus, a = 46
(iv) a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 3.6 = -18.9 + (n - 1) × 2.5
⇒ (n - 1) × 2.5 = 3.6 + 18.9
⇒ (n - 1) × 2.5 = 22.5 ⇒ n - 1 = = 9
⇒ n = 9 + 1 = 10
Thus, n = 10
(v) a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ a_n = 3.5 + (105 - 1) × 0
⇒ a_n = 3.5 + 104 × 0 ⇒ a_n = 3.5 + 0 = 3.5
⇒ a_n = 3.5 + 0 = 3.5
Thus, a_n = 3.5

Q 6.

Choose the correct choice in the following and justify :
(i) 30^th term of the A.P. : 10, 7, 4, ......, is
(A) 97 (B) 77 (C) -77 (D) -87
(ii) 11^th term of the A.P. :
(A) 28 (B) 22 (C) -38 (D)

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) (C) : Here, a = 10, n = 30
∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d and d = 7 - 10 = -3
∴ T₃₀ = 10 + (30 - 1) × (-3)
⇒ T₃₀ = 10 + 29 × (-3)
⇒ T₃₀ = 10 - 87 = -77
(ii) (B) : Here, a = -3, n = 11 and

∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ T₁₁ = -3 + (11 - 1) × 5/2
⇒ T₁₁ = -3 + 25 = 22

Q 7.

In the following A.P.s, find the missing terms in the boxes
(i) 2, , 26
(ii) , 13, , 3
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here, a = 2, T₃ = 26
Let common difference = d
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ T₃ = 2 + (3 - 1)d
⇒ 26 = 2 + 2d
⇒ 2d = 26 - 2 = 24
⇒ d = = 12
∴ The missing term = a + d = 2 + 12 =
(ii) Let the first term = a
and common difference = d
Here, T₂ = 13 and T₄ = 3
T₂ = a + d = 13, T₄ = a + 3d = 3
∴ T₄ - T₂ = (a + 3d) - (a + d) = 3 - 13
⇒ 2d = -10 ⇒ d = = -5
Now, a + d = 13 ⇒ a + (-5) = 13
⇒ a = 13 + 5 = 18
Thus, missing terms are a and a + 2d
or 18 + (-10) = 8
i.e., T₁ = and T₁
(iii) Here, a = 5 and T₄ =
since, T₄ = a + 3d
⇒ ⇒

∴ The missing terms are :


(iv) Here, a = -4, T₆ = 6
∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ T₆ = -4 + (6 - 1)d
⇒ 6 = -4 + 5d ⇒ 5d = 6 + 4 = 10
⇒ d = 10 ÷ 5 = 2
∴ T₂ = a + d = -4 + 2 = -2
T₃ = a + 2d = -4 + 2(2) = 0
T₄ = a + 3d = -4 + 3(2) = 2
T₅ = a + 4d = -4 + 4(2) = 4
∴ The missing terms are
(v) Here, T₂ = 38 and T₆ = -22
∴ T₂ = a + d = 38, T₆ = a + 5d = -22
⇒ T₆ - T₂ = a + 5d - (a + d) = -22 - 38
⇒ 4d = -60 ⇒ d = = -15
∴ a + d = 38 ⇒ a + (-15) = 38
⇒ a = 38 + 15 = 53
Now, T₃ = a + 2d = 53 + 2(-15) = 53 - 30 = 23
T₄ = a + 3d = 53 + 3(-15) = 53 - 45 = 8
T₅ = a + 4d = 53 + 4(-15) = 53 - 60 = -7
Thus, missing terms are

Q 8.

Which term of the A.P. : 3, 8, 13, 18, ..., is 78?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Let the n^th term = 78
Here, a = 3, ⇒ T₁ = 3 and T₂ = 8
∴ d = T₂ - T₁ = 8 - 3 = 5
And, T_n = a + (n + 1)d
⇒ 78 = 3 + (n - 1) × 5 ⇒ 78 - 3 = (n - 1) × 5
⇒ 75 = (n - 1) × 5 ⇒ (n - 1) = 75 ÷ 5 = 15
⇒ n = 15 + 1 = 16
Thus, 78 is the 16^th term of the given A.P.

Q 9.

Find the number of terms in each of the following A.P. :
(i) 7, 13, 19, ......, 205
(ii)

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here, a = 7, d = 13 - 7 = 6
Let total number of terms be n
∴ T_n = 205. Now, T_n = a + (n - 1) × d
⇒ 7 + (n - 1) × 6 = 205
⇒ (n - 1) × 6 = 205 - 7 = 198
∴ n = 33 + 1 = 34.
Thus, the required number of terms is 34.
(ii) Here, a = 18,
Let the n^th term = -47
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ n - 1 = (-13) × (-2) = 26
⇒ n = 26 + 1 = 27
Thus, the required number of terms is 27.

Q 10.

Check whether - 150 is a term of the A.P. : 11, 8, 5, 2 ...

SOLUTION:

Soln. : For the given A.P.,
we have a = 11, d = 8 - 11 = -3
Let -150 be the n^th term of the given A.P.
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ -150 = 11 + (n - 1) × (-3)
⇒ -150 - 11 = (n - 1) × (-3)
⇒ -161 = (n - 1) × (-3)
⇒
⇒
But n should be a positive integer.
Thus, -150 is not a term of the given A.P.

Q 11.

Find the 31^st term of an A.P. whose 11^th term is 38 and the 16^th term is 73.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, T₃₁ = ? ⇒ T₁₁ = 38 and T₁₆ = 73
If the first term = a and the common difference = d.
Then, a + (11 - 1)d = 38
⇒ a + 10d = 38 …(1)
and a + (16 - 1)d = 73
⇒ a + 15d = 73 …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
(a + 15d) - (a + 10d) = 73 - 38
⇒ 5d = 35 ⇒ d = = 7
From (1), a + 10(7) = 38
⇒ a + 70 = 38 ⇒ a = 38 - 70 = -32
∴ T₃₁ = -32 + (31 - 1) × 7
⇒ T₃₁ = -32 + 30 × 7
⇒ T₃₁ = -32 + 210
⇒ T₃₁ = 178
Thus, the 31^st term is 178.

Q 12.

An A.P. consists of 50 terms of which 3^rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29^th term.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, n = 50, T₃ = 12, T_n = 106 ⇒ T₅₀ = 106
If the first term = a and the common difference = d
∴ T₃ = a + 2d = 12 …(1)
T₅₀ = a + 49d = 106 …(2)
⇒ T₅₀ - T₃ = a + 49d - (a + 2d) = 106 - 12
⇒ 47d = 94 ⇒ d = = 2
From (1), we have a + 2d = 12
⇒ a + 2(2) = 12
⇒ a = 12 - 4 = 8
Now, T₂₉ = a + (29 - 1)d = 8 + (28) × 2
= 8 + 56 = 64
Thus, the 29^th term is 64.

Q 13.

If the 3^rd and the 9^th terms of an A.P. are 4 and -8 respectively, which term of this A.P. is zero?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, T₃ = 4 and T₉ = -8
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ T₃ = a + 2d = 4 …(1)
T₉ = a + 8d = -8 …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
(a + 8d) - (a + 2d) = -8 - 4
⇒ 6d = -12 ⇒ d = = - 2
Now, From (1), we have a + 2d = 4
⇒ a + 2(-2) = 4 ⇒ a - 4 = 4 ⇒ a = 4 + 4 = 8
Let the n^th term of the A.P. be 0.
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d = 0
⇒ 8 + (n - 1) × -2 = 0 ⇒ (n - 1) × -2 = - 8
⇒ n - 1 = = 4 ⇒ n = 4 + 1 = 5
Thus, the 5^th term of given A.P. is 0.

Q 14.

The 17^th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10^th term by 7. Find the common difference.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Let a be the first term and d the common difference of the given A.P.
Now, using T_n = a + (n - 1)d, we have
T₁₇ = a + 16d, T₁₀ = a + 9d
According to the condition, T₁₀ + 7 = T₁₇
⇒ (a + 9d) + 7 = a + 16d
⇒ a + 9d - a - 16d = -7
⇒ -7d = -7 ⇒ d = 1
Thus, the common difference is 1.

Q 15.

Which term of the A.P. : 3, 15, 27, 39, ... will be 132 more than its 54^th term?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, a = 3, d = 15 - 3 = 12
Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d, we get
T₅₄ = a + 53d = 3 + 53 × 12 = 3 + 636 = 639
Let a_n be 132 more than its 54^th term.
∴ a_n = T₅₄ + 132
⇒ a_n = 639 + 132 = 771
Now, a_n = a + (n - 1)d = 771
⇒ 3 + (n - 1) × 12 = 771
⇒ (n - 1) × 12 = 771 - 3 = 768
⇒ (n - 1) = = 64
⇒ n = 64 + 1 = 65
Thus, 132 more than 54^th term is the 65^th term.

Q 16.

Two A.P.s have the same common difference. The difference between their 100^th terms is 100, what is the difference between their 1000^th terms ?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Let for the 1^st A.P., the first term = a
⇒ T₁₀₀ = a + 99d
And for the 2^nd A.P., the first term = a′
⇒ T′₁₀₀ = a′ + 99d
According to the condition,
we have T₁₀₀ - T′₁₀₀ = 100
⇒ a + 99d - (a′ + 99d) = 100
⇒ a - a′ = 100
Let, T₁₀₀₀ - T′₁₀₀₀ = x
∴ a + 999d - (a′ + 999d) = x
⇒ a - a′ = x ⇒ x = 100
∴ The difference between the 1000^th terms is 100.

Q 17.

How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7 ?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : The first three digit number divisible by 7 is 105.
The last such three digit number is 994.
∴ The A.P. is 105, 112, 119, ......, 994
Here, a = 105 and d = 7
Let n be the required number of terms
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 994 = 105 + (n - 1) × 7
⇒ (n - 1) × 7 = 994 - 105 = 889
⇒ (n -1) = = 127
⇒ n = 127 + 1 = 128
Thus, 128 numbers of 3-digits are divisible by 7.

Q 18.

How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250 ?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : The first multiple of 4 beyond 10 is 12.
The multiple of 4 just below 250 is 248.
∴ The A.P. is given by : 12, 16, ......, 248
Here, a = 12 and d = 4
Let the number of terms = n
∴ Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d, we get
⇒ T_n = 12 + (n - 1) × 4
⇒ 248 = 12 + (n - 1) × 4
⇒ (n - 1) × 4 = 248 - 12 = 236
⇒ n - 1 = = 59 ⇒ n = 59 + 1 = 60
Thus, the required number of terms = 60.

Q 19.

For what value of n, are the n^th terms of two A.P.s : 63, 65, 67 ... and 3, 10, 17, ..... equal?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : For the 1^st A.P.
∴ a = 63 and d = 65 - 63 = 2
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ T_n = 63 + (n - 1) × 2
For the 2^nd A.P.
∵ a = 3 and d = 10 - 3 = 7
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ T_n = 3 + (n - 1) × 7
Now, according to the condition,
3 + (n - 1) × 7 = 63 + (n - 1) × 2
⇒ (n - 1) × 7 - (n - 1) × 2 = 63 - 3
⇒ 7n - 7 - 2n + 2 = 60
⇒ 5n - 5 = 60 ⇒ 5n = 60 + 5 = 65
⇒ n = = 13
Thus, the 13^th terms of the two given AP's are equal.

Q 20.

Determine the A.P. whose third term is 16 and the 7^th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Let the first term = a and the common difference = d
∴ Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d, we have :
T₃ = a + 2d ⇒ a + 2d = 16 …(1)
And T₇ = a + 6d, T₅ = a + 4d
According to the condition, T₇ - T₅ = 12
⇒ (a + 6d) - (a + 4d) = 12
⇒ a + 6d - a - 4d = 12
⇒ 2d = 12 ⇒ d = 6 …(2)
Now, from (1) and (2), we have : a + 2(6) = 16
⇒ a + 12 = 16 ⇒ a = 16 - 12 = 4
∴ The required A.P. is 4, [4 + 6], [4 + 2(6)], [4 + 3(6)], .... or 4, 10, 16, 22, ........

Q 21.

Find the 20^th term from the last term of the A.P. : 3, 8, 13, ...., 253.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : We have, the last term l = 253
Here, d = 8 - 3 = 5
Since the n^th term before the last term is given by l - (n - 1)d,
∴ We have 20^th term from the end
= l - (20 - 1) × 5 = 253 - 19 × 5 = 253 - 95 = 158

Q 22.

The sum of the 4^th and 8^th terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6^th and 10^th terms is 44. Find the first three terms of the A.P.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Let the first term = a and the common difference = d
∴ Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d
T₄ + T₈ = 24
⇒ (a + 3d) + (a + 7d) = 24
⇒ 2a + 10d = 24 ⇒ a + 5d = 12 …(1)
And T₆ + T₁₀ = 44
⇒ (a + 5d) + (a + 9d) = 44
⇒ 2a + 14d = 44 ⇒ a + 7d = 22 …(2)
Now, subtracting (1) from (2), we get
(a + 7d) - (a + 5d) = 22 - 12
⇒ 2d = 10 ⇒ d = 5 …(3)
∴ From (1), a + 5 × 5 = 12 ⇒ a + 25 = 12
⇒ a = 12 - 25 = -13
Now, the first three terms of the A.P. are given by a, (a + d), (a + 2d)
or -13, (-13 + 5), [-13 + 2(5)] or -13, -8, -3.

Q 23.

Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of ₹ 5000 and received an increment of ₹ 200 each year. In which year did his income reach ₹ 7000?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, a = ₹ 5000 and d = ₹ 200
Say, in the n^th year he gets ₹ 7000.
∴ Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d,
we get 7000 = 5000 + (n - 1) × 200
⇒ (n - 1) × 200 = 7000 - 5000 = 2000
⇒ n - 1 = = 10 ⇒ n = 10 + 1 = 11
Thus, the income becomes ₹ 7000 in 11 years i.e., in year 2006.

Q 24.

Ramkali saved ₹ 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly savings by ₹ 1.75. If in the n^th week, her weekly savings become ₹ 20.75, find n.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, a = ₹ 5 and d = ₹ 1.75
∵ In the n^th week her savings become ₹ 20.75.
∴ T_n = ₹ 20.75
∴ Using T_n = a + (n - 1)d, we have
20.75 = 5 + (n - 1) × (1.75)
⇒ (n - 1) × 1.75 = 20.75 - 5
⇒ (n - 1) × 1.75 = 15.75
⇒ n - 1 = = 9
⇒ n = 9 + 1 = 10
Thus, the required number of years = 10.

Q 25.

Find the sum of the following A.P.s :
(i) 2, 7, 12, ....., to 10 terms
(ii) -37, -33, -29,......, to 12 terms
(iii) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8,......, to 100 terms
(iv)

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here, a = 2, d = 7 - 2 = 5, n = 10
Since,
∴
⇒ S₁₀ = 5[4 + 9 × 5]
⇒ S₁₀ = 5[49] = 245
Thus, the sum of first 10 terms is 245.
(ii) We have : a = -37, d = -33 - (-37) = 4, n = 12
∴
⇒
= 6[-74 + 11 × 4] = 6[-74 + 44]
= 6 × [-30] = -180
Thus, the sum of first 12 terms = -180.
(iii) Here, a = 0.6, d = 1.7 - 0.6 = 1.1, n = 100
∴

= 50[1.2 + 99 × 1.1] = 50[1.2 + 108.9]
= 50[110.1] = 5505
Thus, the required sum of first 100 terms is 5505.
(iv) Here,
∴



Thus, the required sum of first 11 terms

Q 26.

Find the sums given below :
(i)
(ii) 34 + 32 + 30 +......+ 10
(iii) -5 + (-8) + (-11) + ..... + (-230)

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here,
Let n be the number of terms
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ ⇒
⇒
⇒ n = 22 + 1 = 23

⇒
Thus, the required sum
(ii) Here, a = 34, d = 32 - 34 = -2, l = 10
Let the number of terms be n
∴ T_n = 10
Now T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 10 = 34 + (n - 1) × (-2)
⇒ (n - 1) × (-2) = 10 - 34 = -24
⇒ ⇒ n = 13

∴

OR


Thus, the required sum is 286.
(iii) Here, a = -5, d = -8 - (-5) = -3, l = -230
Let n be the number of terms.
∴ T_n = -230
⇒ -230 = -5 + (n - 1) × (-3)
⇒ (n - 1) × (-3) = -230 + 5 = -225
⇒ ⇒ n = 75 + 1 = 76

= 38 × (-235) = -8930.
∴ The required sum = -8930.

Q 27.

In an A.P. :
(i) given a = 5, d = 3, a_n = 50, find n and S_n.
(ii) given a = 7, a₁₃ = 35, find d and S₁₃.
(iii) given a₁₂ = 37, d = 3, find a and S₁₂.
(iv) given a₃ = 15, S₁₀ = 125, find d and a₁₀.
(v) given d = 5, S₉ = 75, find a and a₉.
(vi) given a = 2, d = 8, S_n = 90, find n and a_n.
(vii) given a = 8, a_n = 62, S_n = 210, find n and d.
(viii) given a_n = 4, d = 2, S_n = -14, find n and a.
(ix) given a = 3, n = 8, S = 192, find d.
(x) given l = 28, S = 144, and there are total 9 terms. Find a.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here, a = 5, d = 3 and a_n = 50 = l
∵ a_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ 50 = 5 + (n - 1) × 3
⇒ 50 - 5 = (n - 1) × 3 ⇒ (n - 1) × 3 = 45
⇒
⇒ n = 15 + 1 = 16

Thus, n = 16 and S_n = 440
(ii) Here, a = 7 and a₁₃ = 35 = l
∴ a₁₃ = a + (13 - 1)d
⇒ 35 = 7 + (13 - 1)d
⇒ 35 - 7 = 12d ⇒ 28 = 12d ⇒



(iii) Here, a₁₂ = 37 = l and d = 3
Let the first term of the A.P. be a.
Now a₁₂ = a + (12 - 1)d
⇒ 37 = a + 11d ⇒ 37 = a + 11 × 3
⇒ 37 = a + 33 ⇒ a = 37 - 33 = 4

⇒ S₁₂ = 6 × (41) = 246
Thus, a = 4 and S₁₂ = 246.
(iv) Here, a₃ = 15 = l, S₁₀ = 125
Let the first term of the A.P. be a and the common difference = d
∴ a₃ = a + 2d ⇒ a + 2d = 15 …(1)

⇒
⇒
⇒ 2a + 9d = 25 …(2)
Multiplying (1) by 2 and subtracting (2) from it, we get
⇒ 2a + 4d - 2a - 9d = 30 - 25
⇒ -5d = 5 ⇒ d = -1.
∴ From (1), a + 2(-1) = 15
⇒ a = 15 + 2 ⇒ a = 17
Now, a₁₀ = a + (10 - 1)d
= 17 + 9 × (-1) = 17 - 9 = 8
Thus, d = -1 and a₁₀ = 8
(v) Here, d = 5, S₉ = 75
Let the first term of the A.P. is a.
∴
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
Now, a₉ = a + (9 - 1)d


(vi) Here, a = 2, d = 8 and S_n = 90
∵
∴
⇒ 90 × 2 = 4n + n(n - 1) × 8
⇒ 180 = 4n + 8n² - 8n
⇒ 180 = 8n² - 4n ⇒ 45 = 2n² - n
⇒ 2n² - n - 45 = 0 ⇒ 2n² - 10n + 9n - 45 = 0
⇒ 2n(n - 5) + 9(n - 5) = 0 ⇒ (2n + 9)(n - 5) = 0
∴ Either 2n + 9 = 0
⇒ n = - or n - 5 = 0 ⇒ n = 5

Now, a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ a₅ = 2 + (5 - 1) × 8 = 2 + 32 = 34
Thus, n = 5, and a₅ = 34
(vii) Here, a = 8, a_n = 62 = l and S_n = 210
Let the common difference = d
Now S_n = 210
⇒
⇒
∴
Again a_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 62 = 8 + (6 - 1) × d ⇒ 62 - 8 = 5d
⇒
Thus, n = 6 and
(viii) Here, a_n = 4, d = 2 and S_n = -14
Let the first term be 'a'.
∵ a_n = 4 ∴ a + (n - 1)2 = 4 ⇒ a = 4 - 2n + 2
⇒ a = 6 - 2n
Also, S_n = -14 …(1)
⇒
⇒ n(a + 4) = -28 …(2)
Substituting the value of a from (1) into (2), we get
n[6 - 2n + 4] = -28
⇒ n[10 - 2n] = -28 ⇒ 2n[5 - n] = -28
⇒ n(5 - n) = -14 ⇒ 5n - n² + 14 = 0
⇒ n² - 5n - 14 = 0 ⇒ (n - 7) (n + 2) = 0
∴ Either n - 7 = 0
⇒ n = 7 or n + 2 = 0 ⇒ n = -2
But n cannot be negative, n = 7
Now, from (1), we have a = 6 - 2 × 7 ⇒ a = -8
Thus, a = -8 and n = 7
(ix) Here, a = 3, n = 8 and S_n = 192
Let the common difference = d
∵
∴
⇒ 192 = 4[6 + 7d] ⇒ 192 = 24 + 28d
⇒ 28d = 192 - 24= 168 ⇒ d = 6
Thus, d = 6.
(x) Here, l = 28 and S₉ = 144
Let the first term be 'a'

⇒
⇒ ⇒ a = 32 - 28 = 4
Thus, a = 4.

Q 28.

How many terms of the A.P. : 9, 17, 25, ..... must be taken to give a sum of 636?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, a = 9, d = 17 - 9 = 8, S_n = 636
∵
∴
⇒ n[18 + (n - 1) × 8] = 1272
⇒ 18n + 8n² - 8n = 1272
⇒ 8n² + 10n = 1272
⇒ 4n² + 5n - 636 = 0
⇒ 4n² - 48n + 53n - 636 = 0
⇒ 4n (n - 12) + 53(n - 12) = 0
⇒ (n - 12)(4n + 53) = 0 ⇒ n = 12,
is neglected.
∴ Required number of terms = 12.

Q 29.

The first term of an A.P. is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and the common difference.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, a = 5, l = 45 = T_n, S_n = 400
∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ 45 = 5 + (n - 1)d
⇒ (n - 1)d = 45 - 5 ⇒ (n - 1)d = 40 …(1)

⇒
⇒
From (1), we get (16 - 1)d = 40 ⇒ 15d = 40 ⇒

Q 30.

The first and the last terms of an A.P. are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common difference is 9, how many terms are there and what is their sum?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : We have, first term a = 17, last term, l = 350 = T_n and common difference d = 9
Let the number of terms be n.
∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ 350 = 17 + (n - 1) × 9
⇒ (n - 1) × 9 = 350 - 17 = 333
⇒
⇒ n = 37 + 1 = 38

∴
Then n = 38 and S_n = 6973.

Q 31.

Find the sum of first 22 terms of an A.P. in which d = 7 and 22^nd term is 149.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, n = 22, T₂₂ = 149 = l, d = 7
Let the first term of the AP be a.
∵ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
∴ T₂₂ = a + (22 - 1) × 7
⇒ a + 21 × 7 = 149 ⇒ a + 147 = 149
⇒ a = 149 - 147 = 2

⇒
Then S₂₂ = 1661.

Q 32.

Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18 respectively.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, n = 51, T₂ = 14 and T₃ = 18
Let the first term of the A.P. be a and the common difference is d.
We have T₂ = a + d ⇒ a + d = 14 …(1)
T₃ = a + 2d ⇒ a + 2d = 18 …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
a + 2d - a - d = 18 - 14 ⇒ d = 4
From (1), we get a + d = 14
⇒ a + 4 = 14 ⇒ a = 14 - 4 = 10

⇒

Thus, the sum of 51 terms is 5610.

Q 33.

If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n terms.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, we have S₇ = 49 and S₁₇ = 289
Let the first term of the A.P. be 'a' and 'd' be the common difference, then

⇒
⇒ 7(2a + 6d) = 2 × 49 = 98
⇒
⇒ …(1)

⇒
⇒ …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we have
a + 8d - a - 3d = 17 - 7 ⇒ 5d = 10 ⇒ d = 2
Now, from (1), we have
a + 3(2) = 7 ⇒ a = 7 - 6 = 1



Thus, the required sum of n terms = n².

Q 34.

Show that a₁, a₂, ....., a_n, ...... form an AP where a_n is defined as below :
(i) a_n = 3 + 4n
(ii) a_n = 9 - 5n
Also find the sum of the first 15 terms in each case.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : (i) Here, a_n = 3 + 4n
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ......, n, we get
a₁ = 3 + 4(1) = 7
a₂ = 3 + 4(2) = 11
a₃ = 3 + 4(3) = 15
a₄ = 3 + 4(4) = 19
..... ..... ......
a_n = 3 + 4n
∴ The A.P. in which a = 7 and d = 11 - 7 = 4 is 7, 11, 15, 19, ......, (3 + 4n).


= 15 × 35 = 525
(ii) Here, a_n = 9 - 5n
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ......, n, we get
a₁ = 9 - 5(1) = 4
a₂ = 9 - 5(2) = -1
a₃ = 9 - 5(3) = -6
a₄ = 9 - 5(4) = -11
..... .......
a_n = 9 - 5n
∴ The A.P. is 4, -1, -6, -11, ..... 9 - 5n [having first term as 4 and d = -1 - 4 = -5]
∴

= 15 × (-31) = -465.

Q 35.

If the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is 4n - n², what is the first term (that is S₁)? What is the sum of first two terms? What is the second term? Similarly, find the 3^rd, the 10^th and the n^th terms.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : We have S_n = 4n - n²
∴ S₁ = 4(1) - (1)² = 4 - 1 = 3 ⇒ First term = 3
S₂ = 4(2) - (2)² = 8 - 4 = 4
⇒ Sum of first two terms = 4
∴ Second term (S₂ - S₁) = 4 - 3 = 1
S₃ = 4(3) - (3)² = 12 - 9 = 3
⇒ Sum of first 3 terms = 3
∴ Third term (S₃ - S₂) = 3 - 4 = -1
S₉ = 4(9) - (9)² = 36 - 81 = -45
S₁₀ = 4(10) - (10)² = 40 - 100 = -60
∴ Tenth term = S₁₀ - S₉ = [-60] - [-45] = -15
Now, S_n = 4(n) - (n)² = 4n - n²
Also S_n-1 = 4(n - 1) - (n - 1)²
= 4n - 4 - [n² - 2n + 1]
= 4n - 4 - n² + 2n - 1 = 6n - n² - 5
∴ n^th term = S_n - S_n-1 = [4n - n²] - [6n - n² - 5]
= 4n - n² - 6n + n² + 5 = 5 - 2n
Thus, S₁ = 3 and a₁ = 3
S₂ = 4 and a₂ = 1
S₃ = 3 and a₃ = -1
a₁₀ = -15 and a_n = 5 - 2n

Q 36.

Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : ∵ The first 40 positive integers divisible by 6 are 6, 12, 18, ......, (6 × 40)
And, these numbers are in A.P., such that a = 6
d = 12 - 6 = 6 and a_n = 6 × 40 = 240 = l
∴
= 20[12 + 39 × 6] = 20[12 + 234]
= 20 × 246 = 4920

Q 37.

Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : The first 15 multiples of 8 are 8, (8 × 2), (8 × 3), (8 × 4), ......, (8 × 15) or 8, 16, 24, 32, ....., 120.
These number are in A.P., where a = 8 and l = 120
∴

Thus, the sum of first 15 multiples of 8 is 960.

Q 38.

Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Odd numbers between 0 and 50 are 1, 3, 5, 7, ....., 49
These numbers are in A.P. such that a = 1 and l = 49
Here, d = 3 - 1 = 2
∴ T_n = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 49 = 1 + (n - 1)2 ⇒ 49 - 1 = (n - 1)2
⇒
∴ n = 24 + 1 = 25
= 25 × 25 = 625
Thus, the sum of odd numbers between 0 and 50 is 625.

Q 39.

A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain date as follows : ₹ 200 for the first day, ₹ 250 for the second day, ₹ 300 for the third day, etc., the penalty for each succeeding day being ₹ 50 more than for the preceding day. How much money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has delayed the work by 30 days?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, penalty for delay on
1^st day = ₹ 200
2^nd day = ₹ 250
3^rd day = ₹ 300
...........
...........
Now, 200, 250, 300, ..... are in A.P. such that a = 200, d = 250 - 200 = 50
∴ S₃₀ is given by


= 15[400 + 29 × 50] = 15[400 + 1450]
= 15 × 1850 = 27,750
Thus, penalty for the delay for 30 days is ₹ 27,750.

Q 40.

A sum of ₹ 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their overall academic performance. If each prize is ₹ 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Sum of all the prizes = ₹ 700
Let the first prize = a
∴ 2^nd prize = (a - 20)
3^rd prize = (a - 40)
4^th prize = (a - 60)
.................................
Thus, we have, first term = a
Common difference = -20
Sum of 7 terms S₇ = 700
Since,
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ 200 = 2a - 120 ⇒ 2a = 200 + 120 = 320
⇒
Thus, the values of the seven prizes are ₹ 160, ₹(160 - 20), ₹(160 - 40), ₹(160 - 80), ₹(160 - 100) and ₹(160 - 120) = ₹ 160, ₹ 140, ₹ 120, ₹ 100, ₹ 80, ₹ 60 and ₹ 40.

Q 41.

In a school, students thought of planting trees in and around the school to reduce air pollution. It was decided that the number of trees, that each section of each class will plant, will be the same as the class, in which they are studying, e.g., a section of Class I will plant 1 tree, a section of Class II will plant 2 trees and so on till Class XII. There are three sections of each class. How many trees will be planted by the students ?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Number of classes = 12
∵ Each class has 3 sections.
∴ Number of plants planted by class I =
1 × 3 = 3
Number of plants planted by class II =
2 × 3 = 6
Number of plants planted by class III =
3 × 3 = 9
Number of plants planted by class IV =
4 × 3 = 12
------------------------------------------------------------
Number of plants planted by class XII =
12 × 3 = 36
Similarly, the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, ........., 36 are in A.P.
Here, a = 3 and d = 6 - 3 = 3
∵ Number of classes = 12 i.e., n = 12
∴ Sum the n terms of the above A.P., is given by


= 6[6 + 11 × 3] = 6[6 + 33] = 6 × 39 = 234
Thus, the total number of trees = 234.

Q 42.

A spiral is made up of successive semi-circles, with centres alternately at A and B, starting with centre at A, of radii 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, ..... as shown in figure. What is the total length of such a spiral made up of thirteen consecutive semi-circles?

[Hint : Length of successive semi-circles is l₁, l₂, l₃, l₄, .... with centres at A, B, A, B, ...., respectively.]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : ∵ Length of a semi-circle =
semi circumference
∴ l₁ = πr₁ = 0.5 π cm = 1 × 0.5 π cm
l₂ = πr₂ = 1.0 π cm = 2 × 0.5 π cm
l₃ = πr₃ = 1.5 π cm = 3 × 0.5 π cm
l₄ = πr₄ = 2.0 π cm = 4 × 0.5 π cm
...... ............ ................
l₁₃ = πr₁₃ cm = 6.5 π cm = 13 × 0.5 π cm
Now, length of the spiral =
l₁ + l₂ + l₃ + l₄ + ...... + l₁₃
= 0.5π[1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..... + 13] cm …(1)
∵ 1, 2, 3, 4, ......., 13 are in A.P. such that
a = 1 and l = 13
∴

∴ From (1), we have :
Total length of the spiral = 0.5π[91] cm

Q 43.

200 logs are stacked in the following manner : 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next row, 18 in the row next to it and so on (see figure). In how many rows are the 200 logs placed and how many logs are in the top row?

SOLUTION:

Soln. : The number of logs in
1^st row = 20
2^nd row = 19
3^rd row = 18 obviously, the numbers 20, 19, 18, ......, are in A.P., such that a = 20
d = 19 - 20 = - 1
Let the numbers of rows be n.
∴ S_n = 200
Now,
⇒
⇒ 2 × 200 = n × 40 - n(n - 1)
⇒ 400 = 40n - n² + n ⇒ n² - 41n + 400 = 0
⇒ n² - 16n - 25n + 400 = 0
⇒ n(n - 16) - 25(n - 16) = 0
⇒ (n - 16)(n - 25) = 0
Either
⇒ n - 16 = 0 ⇒ n = 16 or n - 25 = 0 ⇒ n = 25
T_n = 0 ⇒ a + (n - 1)d = 0
⇒ 20 + (n - 1) × (-1) = 0
⇒ n - 1 = 20
⇒ n = 21 i.e., 21^st term becomes 0
∴ n = 25 is not required.
∴ Number of rows = 16
Now, T₁₆ = a + (16 - 1)d = 20 + 15 × (-1)
= 20 - 15 = 5
∴ Number of logs in the 16^th (top) row is 5.

Q 44.

In a potato race, a bucket is placed at the starting point, which is 5 m from the first potato, and the other potatoes are placed 3 m apart in a straight line. There are ten potatoes in the line (see figure).

A competitor starts from the bucket, picks up the nearest potato, runs back with it, drops it in the bucket, runs back to pick up the next potato, runs to the bucket to drop it in, and she continues in the same way until all the potatoes are in the bucket. What is the total distance the competitor has to run?
[Hint : To pick up the first potato and the second potato, the total distance (in metres) run by a competitor is 2 × 5 + 2 × (5 + 3)]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, number of potatoes = 10
The up-down distance of the bucket :
From the 1^st potato = [5m] × 2 = 10 m
From the 2^nd potato = [(5 + 3)m] × 2 = 16 m
From the 3^rd potato = [(5 + 3 + 3)m] × 2 = 22 m
From the 4th potato = [(5 + 3 + 3 + 3)m] × 2
= 28 m
.............................. ................................
∵ 10, 16, 22, 28, ..... are in A.P. such that a = 10 and d = 16 - 10 = 6
∴

= 5[20 + 54] = 5 × 74 = 370
Thus, the sum of above distance = 370 m.
⇒ The competitor has to run a total distance of 370 m.

Q 45.

Which term of the A.P. : 121, 117, 113, ...., is its first negative term?
[Hint : Find n for a_n < 0]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : We have the A.P. having a = 121 and d = 117 - 121 = - 4
∴ a_n = a + (n - 1)d = 121 + (n - 1) × (-4)
= 121 - 4n + 4 = 125 - 4n
For the first negative term, we have a_n < 0
⇒ (125 - 4n) < 0 ⇒ 125 < 4n
⇒ or
Thus, the first negative term is 32^nd term.

Q 46.

The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an A.P. is 6 and their product is 8. Find the sum of first sixteen terms of the A.P.

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Here, T₃ + T₇ = 6 and T₃ × T₇ = 8
Let the first term = a and the common difference = d
∴ T₃ = a + 2d and T₇ = a + 6d
∵ T₃ + T₇ = 6
∴ (a + 2d) + (a + 6d) = 6
⇒ 2a + 8d = 6 ⇒ a + 4d = 3 …(1)
Again T₃ × T₇ = 8
∴ (a + 2d) × (a + 6d) = 8
⇒ (a + 4d - 2d) × (a + 4d + 2d) = 8
⇒ [(a + 4d) - 2d)] × [(a + 4d) + 2d] = 8
⇒ [(3) - 2d)] × [(3) + 2d] = 8 [From (1)]
⇒ 3² - (2d)² = 8 ⇒ 9 - 4d² = 8
⇒ - 4d² = 8 - 9 = -1 ⇒
⇒

From (1), we have
⇒ a + 2 = 3 or a = 3 - 2 = 1


= 16 + 60 = 76 i.e., the sum of first 16 terms
= 76

From (1), we have :
⇒ a - 2 = 3 ⇒ a = 5
Again, the sum of first sixteen terms


i.e., the sum of first 16 terms = 20.

Q 47.

A ladder has rungs 25 cm apart (see figure). The rungs decrease uniformly in length from 45 cm at the bottom to 25 cm at the top. If the top and the bottom rungs are m apart, what is the length of the wood required for the rungs? [Hint : Number of rungs ]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : Total distance between bottom to top rungs

Distance between two consecutive rungs = 25 cm
∴ Number of rungs
Length of the 1^st rung (bottom rung) = 45 cm
Length of the 11^th rung (top rung) = 25 cm
Let the length of each successive rung decrease by x cm
∴ Total length of the rungs = 45 cm +
(45 - x) cm + (45 - 2x) cm + ...... + 25 cm
Here, the number 45, (45 - x), (45 - 2x), ...., 25 are in an A.P. such that
First term a = 45 and last term l = 25
Number of terms n = 11
∴ Using
⇒
⇒
∴ Total length of 11 rungs = 385 cm i.e., Length of wood required for the rungs is 385 cm.

Q 48.

The houses of a row are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value of x such that the sum of the number of the houses preceding the house numbered x is equal to the sum of the number of the houses following it. Find this value of x. [Hint : S_x-1 = S₄₉ - S_x]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : We have the following consecutive numbers on the houses of a row; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....., 49.
These numbers are in A.P., such that a = 1, d = 2 - 1 = 1, n = 49
Let one of the houses be numbered as x
∴ Number of houses preceding it = x - 1
Number of houses following it = 49 - x
Now, the sum of the house-numbers preceding
x is

The houses beyond x are numbered as (x + 1), (x + 2), (x + 3), ......., 49
∴ For these house numbers (which are in an A.P.)
First term (a) = x + 1
Last term (l) = 49
∴



Now, [Sum of house numbers preceding x] = [Sum of house numbers following x]
i.e., S_x-1 = S_49-x
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ x² = (49 × 25) ⇒
⇒ x = ±(7 × 5) = ±35
But x cannot be taken as negative.
∴ x = 35.

Q 49.

A small terrace at a football ground comprises of 15 steps each of which is 50 m long and built of solid concrete. Each step has a rise of (see fig.) Calculate the total volume of concrete required to build the terrace.
[Hint : Volume of concrete required to build the first step ]

SOLUTION:

Soln. : For 1 ^st step : Length = 50m, Breadth
Height
∴ Volume of concrete required to build the 1^st step = Volume of the cuboidal step
= Length × breadth × height

For 2 ^nd step : Length = 50m, Breadth
Height
∴ Volume of concrete required to build the 2^nd step

For 3 ^rd step : Length = 50m, Breadth
Height
∴ Volume of concrete required to build the 3rd step

....... ....... ....... ........ ......
Thus, the volumes (in m³) of concrete required to build the various steps are :
∴ obviously, these
numbers form an A.P. such that

Here, total number of steps n = 15
Total volume of concrete required to build 15 steps is given by the sum of their individual volumes.
∴


= 15 × 50 m³ = 750 m³
Thus, the required volume of concrete is 750 m³.